Lower limb muscle dysfunction may contribute to foot ulceration in diabetic patients

References 

1. World Health Organisation (Europe), International Diabetes Federation (Europe). Diabetes care and research in Europe: The Saint Vincent Declaration. Diabetic Medicine 1990;7:360–70
2. Boulton AJM. Clinical presentation and management of diabetic neuropathy and foot ulceration. Diabetic Medicine (Symposium). 1991;8:S52–S57
3. Boulton AJM. Peripheral neuropathy and the diabetic foot. The Foot. 1992;2:67–72
4. Fernando DJS, Hutchison A, Veves A, Gokal R, Boulton AJM. Risk factors for non-ischaemic foot ulceration in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic Medicine. 1991;8:223–225
5. Young MJ, Cavanagh PR, Thomas G, Johnson MM, Murray H, Boulton AJM. The effect of callus removal on dynamic plantar foot pressures in diabetic patients. Diabetic Medicine. 1991;9:55–57
6. Stevens MJ, Edmonts ME, Foster AVM, Watkins PJ. Selective neuropathy and preserved vascular responses in the diabetic charcot foot. Diabetologia. 1992;35:148–154
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
7. Bevans JS. Biomechanics and plantar ulcers in diabetes. The Foot. 1992;2:166–172
8. Masson EA, Hay EM, Stockley I, Veves A, Betts RP, Boulton AJM. Abnormal foot pressures alone may cause ulceration. Diabetic Medicine. 1989;6:426–428
9. Root ML. Normal and abnormal function of the foot, vol. 2. Los Angeles: Clinical Biomechanics Corporation, 1971
10. Inman VT, Ralston HJ, Todd F. Human Walking, Baltimore: Williams and Wilkjns, 1981
11. Basmajian JV, De Luca CJ. Muscles Alive: Their functions revealed by electromyography. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1985
12. Boulton AJM, Betts RP, Franks CI, Newrick PG, Ward JD, Duckworth T. Abnormalities of foot pressure in early diabetic neuropathy. Diabetic Medicine. 1987;4:225–228
13. Boulton AJM, Hardisty CA, Betts RP, Franks CI, et al.  Dynamic foot pressure and other studies as diagnostic and management aids in diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1983;6(1):26–33
    • MEDLINE
14. Abboud RJ, Rowley DI. Combined EMG and foot pressure measurement for study of human gait. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (BR) 1993;75B Suppl 1:57
15. Nevill AJ. A foot pressure measurement system utilising pvdf and copolymer piezoelectric transducers. PhD thesis, Canterbury: University of Kent, 1991
16. Nevill AJ, Pepper MG, Whiting M. In-shoe foot pressure measurement system utilising piezoelectric film transducers. Med. Biol. Enrg. Comput. 1995;33:76–81
17. Abboud RJ. Evaluation of an inshoe pressure measuring system. MSc thesis, Scotland, UK: University of Dundee, 1989
18. Abboud RJ. Temporal relationships between foot pressure and muscle activity during walking. PhD thesis, Scotland, UK: University of Dundee, 1995
19. McLauchlan PT, Abboud RJ, Rendall GC, Rowley DI. Use of an in-shoe pressure system to investigate the effect of two clinical treatment methods for metatarsalgia. The Foot. 1994;4:204–208
20. Tam H, Webster JG. Minimizing electrode motion artifact by skin abrasion. IEEE Trans. BME 1977;24:134
21. Burbank DP, Webster JG. Reducing skin potential motion artifact by skin abrasion. Med. Biol. Enrg. 1978;16:38
22. Forster A. Personal communication. Consultant Neurophysiologist, Scotland, UK: Royal Infirmary, Dundee, 1990
23. Sollie G, Hermens HJ, Boon KL, Wallinga DJ, Zilvold G. The measurement of the conduction velocity of muscles fibers with surface EMG according to the cross-correlation method. Electromyog. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1985;25:193–204
24. Arsenault AB, Winter DA, Marfeniuk RG, Hayes KC. How many strides are required for the analysis of electromyographic data in gait?. Scand J. Rehab. Med. 1986;18:133–135
25. Kimura J. In: Davis FA, editor. Electrodiagnosis in diseases of nerve and muscle: principles and practice 1983: 99–100
26. Ctercteko GC, Dhanendran M, Hutton WC, LeQuense LP. Br. J. Surg. 1981;68:608
    • MEDLINE
    • CrossRef
27. Smith L, Plehwe W, McGill M, Genev N, Yue DK, Turtle JR. Foot bearing pressure in patients with unilateral diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Medicine. 1989;6:573–575