Effects of foot orthoses on skeletal motion during running

Stacoff, A; Reinschmidt, C; Nigg, B.M; van den Bogert, A.J; Lundberg, A; Denoth, J; Stüssi, E

« Previous Next »Clinical Biomechanics
Volume 15, Issue 1 , Pages 54-64, January 2000

Effects of foot orthoses on skeletal motion during running

A Stacoff
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Canada
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Waqistrasse 4, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Corresponding author
C Reinschmidt
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Canada
- Sulzer Orthopedics Ltd., Winterthur, Switzerland
B.M Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Canada
A.J van den Bogert
- Human Performance Laboratory, The University of Calgary, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, USA
A Lundberg
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
J Denoth
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Waqistrasse 4, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
E Stüssi
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Waqistrasse 4, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland

Received 30 April 1998; accepted 9 April 1999.

Abstract

Objective. To quantify the effects of medial foot orthoses on skeletal movements of the calcaneus and tibia during the stance phase in running.

Design. Kinematic effects of medial foot orthoses (anterior, posterior, no support) were tested using skeletal (and shoe) markers at the calcaneus and tibia.

Background. Previous studies using shoe and skin markers concluded that medially placed orthoses control/reduce foot eversion and tibial rotation. However, it is currently unknown if such orthoses also affect skeletal motion at the lower extremities.

Methods. Intracortical Hofman pins with reflective marker triads were inserted under standard local anesthetic into the calcaneus and tibia of five healthy male subjects. The three-dimensional tibiocalcaneal rotations were determined using a joint coordinate system approach. Eversion (skeletal and shoe) and tibial rotation were calculated to study the foot orthoses effects.

Results. Orthotic effects on eversion and tibial rotations were found to be small and unsystematic over all subjects. Differences between the subjects were significantly larger (p<0.01; up to 10°) than between the orthotic conditions (1–4°). Significant orthotic effects across subjects were found only for total internal tibial rotation; p<0.05).

Conclusions. This in vivo study showed that medially placed foot orthoses did not change tibiocalcaneal movement patterns substantially during the stance phase of running.

Relevance

Orthoses may have only small kinematic effects on the calcaneus and tibia (measured with bone pins) as well as on the shoes (measured with shoe markers) during running of normal subjects. Present results showed that orthotic effects were subject specific and unsystematic across conditions. It is speculated that orthotic effects during the stance phase of running may be mechanical as well as proprioceptive.

Keywords: Calcaneus, Running injuries, Shoe inserts, Orthoses, Pronation, Eversion, Tibial rotation