Clinical Biomechanics
Volume 14, Issue 7 , Pages 462-470 , August 1999

Normal global motion of the cervical spine: an electrogoniometric study

Received 29 May 1998 ,Accepted 12 November 1998.

References 

  1. Clark W, Haldeman S. The development of guideline factors for the evaluation of disability in neck and back injuries. Division of Industrial Accidents. State of California. Spine 1993;18:1736–1745
  2. Langworthy JR. Evaluation of impairment related to low back pain. J Med Syst 1993;17:253–256
  3. Lowery Jr WD, Horn TJ, Boden SD, Wiesel SW. Impairment evaluation based on spinal range of motion in normal subjects. J Spinal Disord 1992;5:398–402
  4. Nordby EJ. Disability evaluation of the neck and back. The McBride system. Clin Orthop 1987;221:131–135
  5. Vernon H, Mior S. The neck disability index: a study of reliability and validity. Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;14:409–415
  6. Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson I, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992;17:617–628
  7. Beurskens AJ, de Vet HC, Koke AJ, van der Heijden GJ, Knipschild PG. Measuring the functional status of patients with low back pain. Assessment of the quality of four disease-specific questionnaires. Spine 1995;20:1017–1028
  8. Gronblad M, Hurri H, Kouri JP. Relationships between spinal mobility, physical performance tests, pain intensity and disability assessments in chronic low back pain patients. Scand J Rehabil Med 1997;29:17–24
  9. Dvorak J, Panjabi MM, Grob D, Novotny JE, Antinnes JA. Clinical validation of functional flexion/extension radiographs of the cervical spine. Spine 1993;18:120–127
  10. Good CG, Mikkelsen GB. Intersegmental sagittal motion in the lower cervical spine and discogenic spondylosis: a preliminary study. J Manip Physiol Ther 1992;15:556–564
  11. Dimnet J, Pasquet A, Krag MH, Panjabi MM. Cervical spine motion in the sagittal plane: kinematic and geometric parameters. J Biomech 1982;15:959–969
  12. Lee SW, Draper ER, Hughes SP. Instantaneous center of rotation and instability of the cervical spine. A clinical study. Spine 1997;22:641–647
  13. Trott PH, Pearcy MJ, Ruston SA, Fulton, I, Brien, C. Three-dimensional analysis of active cervical motion: the effect of age and gender. Clin Biomech 1996;11:201–206
  14. Youdas J, Garett T, Suman V, Bogard C, Hallman H, Carey J. Normal range of motion of the cervical spine. An initial goniometric study. Phys Ther 1992;72:16–26
  15. Szpalski M, Gunzburg R, Soeur M, Bauherz G, Hayez JP, Michel F. Pharmacologic interventions in whiplash-associated disorders. In: Gunzurg R, Szpalski M, editors. Whiplash injuries. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998:175–181
  16. Dvorak J, Antinnes JA, Panjabi MM, Loustalot D, Bonomo M. Age and gender related normal motion of the cervical spine. Spine 1992;17:S393–S397
  17. Ålund M, Larsson SE. Three-dimensional analysis of neck motion. A clinical method. Spine 1990;15:87–91
  18. Bennett JG, Bergmans LE, Carpenter JK, Skowlund HV. Range of motion of the neck. J Am Phys Assoc 1963:45–47
  19. Buchhalter D, Parnianpour M, Viola K, Nordin M, Kahanovitz N. Three-dimensional spinal motion measurements. Part 1: a technique for examining posture and functional spinal motion. J Spinal Dis 1989;1:279–283
  20. Ferlic D. The range of motion of the “normal” cervical spine. Bull John Hopkins Hosp 1962;110:59–65
  21. Mayer T, Brady S, Bovasso E, Pope P, Gatchel R. Non-invasive measurement of cervical tri-planar motion in normal subjects. Spine 1993;16:2191–2195
  22. White AA, Panjabi MM. Clinical biomechanics of the spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1990
  23. Lysell E. Motion of the cervical spine. Acta Orthop Scand 1969;123(Suppl)
  24. Penning L. Normal movements of the cervical spine. Am J Roentgenol 1978;130:317–326
  25. Penning L, Wilmink JT. Rotation of the cervical spine. A CT study in normal subjects. Spine 1987;12:732-738
  26. Adams LP, Tregidga A, Driver-Jowitt JP, Selby P, Wynchank S. Analysis of motion of the head. Spine 1994;19:266–271
  27. Kadir N, Grayson MF, Goldberg AAJC, Swain M. A new neck goniometer. Rheumat Rehabil 1981;20:219–226
  28. Tucci S, Hicks J, Gross E, Campbell W, Danoff J. Cervical motion assessment: a new simple and accurate method. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1986;67:225–230
  29. Hansmeier D, Wood J. Evaluation of a computerized electrogoniometer. Chiropractic 1994;9: 6–10
  30. Dopf CA, Mandel SS, Geiger DF, Mayer PJ. Analysis of spine motion variability using a computerized goniometer compared to physical examination. Spine 1994;19:586–595
  31. Christensen HW, Nilsson N. The reliability of measuring active and passive cervical range of motion: an observer-blinded and randomized repeated-measures design. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;21:341–347
  32. Moroney SP, Schultz AB, Miller JAA, Andersson GBJ. Load-displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech 1988; 21:767–779
  33. Panjabi MM, Summers DJ, Pelker RR, Videman T, Friedlaender GE, Southwick WO. Three-dimensional load displacement curves due to forces on the cervical spine. J Orthop Res 1986;4:152–161
  34. Penning L. Normal kinematics of the cervical spine. In: Giles LGF, Singer, KP, editors. Clinical anatomy and management of cervical spine pain, vol. 3. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1998:53–70
  35. Fick R. Handbuch der Anatomie und Mechanik der Gelenke. Iena: Fischer Verlag, 1904
  36. Adams MA. Biomechanics of the cervical spine. In: Gunzurg R, Szpalski M, editors. Whiplash injuries. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998:13–20

PII: S0268-0033(98)90098-5

Clinical Biomechanics
Volume 14, Issue 7 , Pages 462-470 , August 1999