Geometry and mechanics of the human ankle complex and ankle prosthesis design

References 

1. Giannini S, Leardini A, O'Connor JJ. Total ankle replacement: review of the designs and of the current status. Foot Ankle Surg. 2000;6:77–88
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2. O'Connor JJ, Lu TW, Feikes J, Leardini A. Diarthrodial joints: kinematic pairs, mechanical or flexible structures. Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Eng. 1998;1:123–150
3. Leardini A, O'Connor JJ, Catani F, Giannini S. The role of the passive structures in the mobility and stability of the human ankle joint: a literature review. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:602–615
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4. Leardini A, Catani F, Petitto A, Giannini S, O'Connor JJ. Fibre recruitment and articular contact at the ankle by an accurate 3D measurement system. In: Transactions of the 8th Conference of the European Orthopaedic Research Society Amsterdam, Netherlands, May 7–10, 1998. p. 11
5. Leardini A, O'Connor JJ, Catani F, Giannini S. Kinematics of the human ankle complex in passive flexion – a single degree of freedom system. J. Biomech. 1999;32:111–118
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6. Leardini A, Stagni R, O'Connor JJ. Mobility of the subtalar joint in the intact ankle complex. J Biomech 2000 [in press]
7. Leardini A, O'Connor JJ, Catani F, Stagni R, Giannini S. Lever arm lengths of the flexor and extensor muscles at the ankle joint complex. In: Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, Anaheim, CA, February 1–2, 1999. p. 216
8. Leardini A, O'Connor JJ, Catani F, Giannini S. A geometric model of the human ankle joint. J. Biomech. 1999;32:585–591
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9. Leardini A, Catani F, Giannini S, Stagni R, O'Connor JJ. Computer assisted design of a new ankle prosthesis. In: Middleton J, Jones ML, Pande GN, editors. Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering, vol. 3. London: Gordon and Breach, 2001. Chap. 4, paper 20, p. 367–72
10. Leardini A, Catani F, Giannini S, O'Connor JJ. Computer-assisted design of the sagittal shapes for a novel total ankle replacement. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 2001;39(2):168–175
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11. Leardini A, Giannini S, Catani F, O'Connor JJ. Dispositivo di protesi per articolazione umana, in particolare per articolazione della tibiotarsica e relativo metodo di impianto; Ufficio Italiano Brevetti, BO99A000253, filed on 13/5/1999
12. Leardini A, Giannini S, Catani F, O'Connor JJ. A prosthetic device for human articulations, in particular for the ankle articulation. Patent Cooperation Treaty, PCT/IB00/00638, filed on 12/5/2000